The impact of imam Ghazali and Ibn-e Khaldun is still visible in our present–day education system. Discuss it with real-life examples INTR...

 The impact of imam Ghazali and Ibn-e Khaldun is still visible in our present–day education system. Discuss it with real-life examples

INTRODUCTION

In the field of education, there are enormous contributions of Muslim philosophers. it's not necessarily concerned with religious issues. Muslim philosophers emphasized on logic, reality, freedom of will, sources of data and lots of more. The Quran and Greek philosophy has considerably influenced Muslim philosophers. Muslim Philosophers tried to harmonize the philosophical perspectives of Greek philosophy with the tenants of Islam.

OBJECTIVES

After reading this unit, you'll be able to:

1. Discuss Imam Al-Ghazali’s views about teaching

2. Describe Ibn-e-Khaldun’s view about education of young children

3. Elaborate Ibn-e-Miskawayh’s contributions to the moral development of learner

4. Explain reasons of Al Farabi’s emphasis on the scientific disciplines

5. Appreciate Allama Muhammad Iqbal’s educational philosophy for the Muslims

IMAM GHAZALI (1058-1111)

Abu Hamid Al-Ghazzali is one among the foremost important scholars of Islamic thought. He was a philosopher, a legal scholar, a theologian and a mystical thinker. Imam Ghazali was an expert within the field of fiqh al-Syafii’ and Kalam al-Asy’ari. Coming at a time when there have been many disputations between philosophers and theologians, between rationalists and traditionalists and therefore the refore the Mystical and the orthodox, he tried to bridge these divisions. His IhyaUlum al-Din.

Al-Ghazali's philosophy of education is predicated upon Islamic perspective on education, during which Al-Ghazali's predisposition towards understanding and integration of various intellectual schools is clear . He got recognition as mystical, legal and philosophical educational thinker.

Al-Ghazali emphasized on infancy education. He stressed that oldsters should observe their children’s education since birth. consistent with Al-Ghazali, children are the responsibilities of their parents. If they mentioned of youngsters is during a courtesy and during a good environment, they're going to become good citizenry . On the opposite hand, if children are exposed to bad behaviour and their education is overlooked, they might get older as bad people and their sins would be borne by their parents and their care takers.

Al-Ghazali emphasized to reward children. He explained that when children demonstrate courtesy , they ought to be rewarded and praised in order that they might become happy. Moreover, when children accidentally commit mistakes, parents should pretend as if they need not notice the error and don't ever embarrass them by telling people about the mistakes done. However, if children repeat an equivalent mistake for the second time, parents should ask them discreetly and tell them that they ought to not do such things.

Al-Ghazali stressed that education isn't limited to coach or fill the mind, instead it involves all aspects of learner like religious, intellectual, physical and moral. True learning affects behaviour of learner. It enables learner to use practical use of his/her knowledge. Teachers must consider the religious education.

Al-Ghazali has described following classifications of sciences according to:

Classification consistent with ‘nature’:

a. theoretical (religious and theological) and

b. practical (politics, home ec and ethics),

Classification consistent with their ‘origin’:

1.Revealed sciences, taken from the prophets (exegesis, unity of God, customs, rites, morality) and

2.Rational sciences, produced by human thinking and reason (natural sciences, mathematics, theology, etc.) For Al-Ghazali the revealed and therefore the rational sciences complement one another .

Classification consistent with their purpose or aim

a. Science of transaction (governing the behaviour and actions of human beings—the sciences of customs and rites) and

b. science of unveiling (essence of things and concerning the apprehension of the reality)

Al-Ghazali divides the philosophical sciences into six categories:

1.logic

ii. Mathematics,

iii. Natural sciences,

 iv. Politics

v. Metaphysics, and

vi. Ethics.

Al-Ghazali's emphasized that education isn't only a process whereby the teacher imparts knowledge. Rather, it's an ‘interaction' affecting and promoting teacher and student equally, the previous gains merit for giving instruction and therefore the latter cultivates himself/herself through the acquisition of data .

Al-Ghazali also emphasized the good significance of climate during which teaching takes place, and to the type of relations that are required in doing so. For Al-Ghazali, the teacher should be an example and a model.

Al-Ghazali stresses that learning is merely effective when it's put into practice, and is aimed toward inculcating the proper habits instead of simply memorizing information.AlGhazali recommended that the teacher before moving to next material , teacher must make sure that the scholars have mastered the primary material . Teacher should consider the interconnectedness of data and therefore the relations between its various branches.

IBNE-KHALDUN (1332-1406 AD)

Ibne Khaldun was a philosopher of history and therefore the first scientist . Ibn e Khaldunhas made three most vital contributions to social sciences. Heobtained his basic

education from his father who was a renowned scholar. He was keenly curious about tradition, grammer, poetry, language and law. He also studied Philosophy, theology, logic, and other Islamic subjects. He learnt Quran by memory . Ibn e Khaldun was an expert in fiqh, nahu, hadith, rhetoric, poetry and philosophy.

Ibne Khaldun had described the tutorial process within the perspective of the event of society. He illustrated his theory of education within the framework of Islamic society and focused his attention on the education from a spiritual and ethical point of view but at an equivalent time he also highlighted the sociological point of view.

The Muqaddima contains a scientific treatment of philosophy of history. Besides this it contains his views on the aspects of state, society and education.

According to Ibne Khuldun, thinking ability is human beings’ special gift of God. the school of reflective thinking is that the source of data . It distinguishes man from animals. it's of three types:

I. Discerning intelligence: it enables man to know the order of things

II. Experimental intelligence: it enables man to be receptive to opinions and teaches him rules of conduct

III. Speculative intelligence: it gives insight about the overall idea of things existing consistent with species, classes and their primary and secondary causes.

Ibne Khaldun stressed upon UlumNaqliyyai-e The Quran, interpretations of Quran, tradition, jurisprudence and speculative theology which are wanted intrinsically . Ibne Khaldun also emphasized on UlumAqliyyai-e philosophy and physical sciences. Ibne Khaldun warns the scholar that they ought to study the sciences that are wanted intrinsically in greater detail.

Ibne Khaldun believed that the attainment of data was the natural urge of citizenry because they possess the facility of reasoning and thinking. He believed that reality should be known by revelation rather than intellectual effort as believed by philosophers.

Therefore for Muslims the primary condition for knowing the truth is that the Quran and therefore the prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H). The aim of education for Ibne Khalun is to form Muslims firm believers in God through the study of Quran and non secular sciences. Knowledge of God and faith in Islamic laws will make Muslims know the truth which successively will cause good action and possession of excellent character.

Ibne Khaldun had explained each quite sciences alongwith its subjects and aims. Ibne Khaldun classified education and children’s upbringing into three differing types .

I. Psychological information: it provides bases for education and learning theories

II. Historical information: it explains the means of education and mentioning children in several countries

III. Practical instructions: These identified rules that oldsters and teachers should follow.

Ibne Khaldun presented theory of “specialization and perfection in learning”. It provided bases for Ibne Khaldun’s opinion on education and rearing.

Ibne Khaldun has presented philosophy for infancy education. He emphasized the necessity for practice, observation and individual differences. consistent with Ibne Khaldun young children must be taught Quran. He forbade teachers from teaching tafsir, regulations et al. except reciting until the youngsters are matured enough.

Ibne Khaldun also presented ways to show children. He has forbidden teachers or parents from teaching children with cruelty because it could make children lazy, liars, and pretentious so as to cover the reality. Such attitude could become a habit and youngsters would lose sense of humanity.